Geographically and topographically, Taiwan is somewhat like a leaf, 142 km. wide and 383 km. long, with a central mountain range dividing the whole island into eastern and western halves. The highest elevation of the mountain range is 3,833 meters above sea level. All rivers flow from the mountain area into the sea on very steep slopes.
Meteorologically it may be said the abundant rainfall and semi-tropical climate have made Taiwan a very suitable for agriculture. However, typhoons and cloudbursts often bring big floods and heavy damages. The average yearly precipitation for all Taiwan is about 2,500 mm. with a maximum of 7,000 to 8,000 mm. The yearly mean temperature on the plain ranges from 21°C (70°F) to 24°C (75°F). The minimum and maximum temperatures on record are 0.2°C (32.4°F) and 39.3°C (l03°F) respectively. The average is around 17.5°C (63°F) in winter, and 28°C (82.5°F) in summer. Such meteorological phenomena have enabled the farmers to grow two or three crops a year wherever irrigation is possible.
Hydrologically two main points ought to be brought out here which indicate the very peculiar characteristics of Taiwan rivers affecting all kinds of hydraulic works. One is the unit discharge per unit area of watershed. The other is the ratio of maximum to minimum discharge.
The discharges per unit area and also the ratios of maximum to minimum discharges of Taiwan rivers are many, many times those of rivers in other parts of the world. This means a much more sudden flood peak and, therefore, a great many precautions must be taken in flood control or in regulation of the rivers. Again, the rivers often carry too high a flow in flood seasons, while the flow in dry seasons is too small for irrigation purposes.
The above serves to give a general, picture before going into the discussion of irrigation. Irrigation work in Taiwan may be divided into three different periods, namely, the pre-Japanese period, the Japanese period, and the period after V-J Day. The total irrigated area up to date is approximately 530,000 hectares out of a total cultivable area of 880,000 hectares.
II. Pre-Japanese Period
The history of irrigation in Taiwan can be traced back as far as the Yuan Dynasty (1291-1379) of China. At that time, Taiwan was already a part of Chinese territory. People came in from the China mainland, and the land was reclaimed by the so-called net-canal irrigation and drainage system - a system which had been used in China for many centuries. Late in the Ming Dynasty (1379-1665), the well-known General Cheng Cheng-kung came to Taiwan and mobilized large numbers of people from the mainland to develop many systems of irrigation on the island in order to produce more food for the people and the soldiers. Unfortunately, no detailed record is now available.
After 1683, when the Ching Dynasty (1655-1911) extended its sovereignty over Taiwan, irrigation systems were further improved and developed. This continued for a period of 212 years until 1895 when Japan annexed Taiwan as a result of the Sino-Japanese War. Up to that time, there were 351,019 hectares of cultivated land, of which 196,679 hectares were irrigated. Some comparatively large canals are listed in Table A. From the table it is to be noted that all canals, except the Tsao-kung Canal, were built and maintained by individuals or through the cooperation of landowners and tenants and were not built by or with the encouragement of the government.
| Table A - Some Taiwan Irrigation Systems Built Before Japanese Occupation Period | |||||
| Name of Canal | Location | Area Irrigated (ha.) | When built | Remarks | |
| 1. | Liu Kung | Taipei | 2,890 | 1740 | Original Liu-kung Canal was built by Kuo-shi-liu who financed 20,000 taels of silver. Old Wu-li-pi Canal was started by the tenants and later financed by 10 people all named Chow put up 200,000 taels of silver. |
| 2. | Ta-an | Taipei | 2,030 | 1757 | Lin and other landowners built this canal with 50,780 taels. |
| 3. | Ho-chun | Taipei | 2,840 | 1746 | Built by private individuals, 31,000 taels spent for part of it. |
| 4. | Wan-chang chun | Lotung | 8,480 | 1811 | Founder not known. |
| 5. | Lungen | Hsinchu | 2,390 | 1715 | Financed by 32 individuals. |
| 6. | Ho-ta-hsin | Hsinchu | 579 | 1741 | Built by 3 individuals. |
| 7. | Pa-po | Taichung | 22,750 | 1680-1717 | 1st canal built by Sze Chang-lin. 3300 taels of silver spent. 2nd canal built by Huang Shi-chin. 2000 taels of silver spent. |
| 8. | Hu-lu-tun | Feng-yuan | 10,160 | 1723 | Built by individuals. 17,000 taels of silver spent. |
| 9. | Pu-li-sai | Pu-li | 2,480 | 1826 | Built by all beneficiaries. |
| 10. | Lu-yang | Hu-wei | 2,670 | 1796 | Built and financed by Wang and other rich families. |
| 11. | Tao-chang | Chiayi | 3,440 | 1695 | Built by individuals. |
| 12. | Tsao-kung | Kaohsiung | 10,350 | 1837 | Built through encouragement of Magistrate Tsao. More than 100,000 taels s pent for old and new canal. |
| 13. | Hu-to-shan | Hsin-hua, Tainan | 644 | 1841 | |
| 14. | Tso-liao | Kao-su, Pingtung | 1,236 | 1736 | Built and financed by all landowners and tenants. |
| 15. | A-li-kong | Li-kong, Pingtung | 1,240 | 1736 | No details known. |
In this period, dikes were also built for flood control. Farmlands were protected by dikes on Feng-shan-si (Si means river), Chung-kong-si, Ho-lung-si, Ta-an-si, Ta-chia-si, Cho-shui-si, and Tseng-wen-si, totaling 14 places. The largest of these was that of Ta-chia-si, the construction of which was promoted by Governor Chen Yu-ying of Fukien Province in 1881. The dike was 7,160 m. long and 215 m. wide at its base. It was built of gravel covered with bamboo cages filled with cobble. This work was done by 10,000 workmen in four months. When it was destroyed by a flood four months later, an 8-km stone-faced dike was built.
The keeping of meteorological records started from 1885 at the lighthouses of the Maritime Customs of Keelung, Tanshui, Anping, Kaohsiung, Fisherman Island and Aluanpi at the southern tip of Taiwan. Later, small weather stations were extended to all maritime customs lighthouses around the island. These stations reported monthly to the weather stations at Shanghai and Hongkong. At that time they were short of trained recorders and suitable instruments.
So far as the pre-Japanese period is concerned, two things are especially worth mentioning. One is that about 37% of the present irrigated area in Taiwan had its irrigation systems before the Japanese occupation, although some people have the erroneous impression that all the irrigation works were originated after the Japanese came to Taiwan. The other is that all the irrigation systems except one were built by individuals without either encouragement or financial aid from the government.
III. Japanese Period
After Taiwan's annexation by Japan in 1895, there was a remarkable difference in the irrigation development. In their efforts to develop Taiwan into a main region for rice and sugar production, the Japanese showed great patience and invested an immense amount of capital in all lines of agricultural development. Some of the highlights were (a) improvement of the original systems by the introduction of more technical and scientific methods; (b) research and experimentation on water and establishment of gaging stations; (c) over-all investigation of the irrigation systems with a view to ascertaining the possibility of further extensions; (d) supervision and administration of all systems; (e) financing of irrigation projects; and (f) construction of several large irrigation works, notably the Chia-nan Canal system. Lists of some irrigation and river projects carried out during this period are shown in Table B and Table C respectively.
| Table B - Some Irrigation Projects Carried out During Japanese Occupation Period | |||||||
| Name of Project | Location | Nature of Project | Area benefited or affected (ha.) | Construction Period | Expenditures (Japanese Currency) | Remarks | |
| 1. | 1st Canal | Yi-lan | Combination and improvement of 5 independent canals | 2,930 | 1909 | 120,000.- | Common labor 0.35 skill labor 0.80 per man-day. |
| 2. | Liu-kung Canal | Taipei | Combination of 5 canals | 1909 | 135,000.- | ||
| 3. | Tse-tzu-pei Canal | Taichung | Improvement and extension | 5,020 | 1909-1911 | 284,016.- | Major part is extension. |
| 4. | Ho-lung Canal | Ho-lung | New project | 934 | 1909-1911 | 140,000.- | Government subsidy $30,000 |
| 5. | Sze- Tzu-tou Canal | Kaohsiung | Improvement and extension | 4,180 | 1909 | 743,905.- | |
| 6. | Ho-li Canal | Taichung | Improvement and extension | 2,850 | 1912 | 995,620.- | |
| 7. | Repair Projects | 1911-1613 | 315,000.- | ||||
| 8. | Tao-yuan Canal | Taoyuan | New | 21,300 | 1916-1924 | 12,486,343.- | Government fund $7,754,221.- |
| 9. | Tsao-kung Pump | Kaohsiung | New | 4,840 | 1919 | ||
| 10. | Chia-nan | Tainan Chiayi | New | 150,000 | 1920-1930 | 54,130,678.- | |
| 11. | Cane farm projects | Tsaochow Pingtung | New | 13,400 | 1901-1940 | 6,200,000.- | Government subsidy $1,714,196.- |
| 12. | Reconnaissance of water-source | Whole Island | 1925-1930 | 3,516,691.- | |||
| 13. | Yilan Drainage Project | North of Yi-lan | New drainage project | 3,630 | 850,000.- | Work consists of construction of sea dikes and gates. | |
| 14. | Lung-chuan Canal | None Kao | New | 887 | 1925 | 369,000.- | |
| 15. | Displacement of temporary dams by permanent ones | 1923-1935 | 943,736.- | ||||
| 16. | Pei-len Canal | Pei-lem, Taichung | 827 | 1928-1933 | 1,464,505.- | All Government fund | |
| 17. | Reclamation of salt land | Pei-kong, Tainan | 12,400 | 1930-1942 | 595,000.- | ||
| 18. | Pumping Irrigation Project | Tungkong & Taipei | 43,700 | 1928 | 735,000.- | Government subsidy $62,225.- | |
| 19. | Chi-yeh Canal | Hualien | Improvement and extension | 1,045 | 1930-1932 | 424,038.- | Old canal built in 1912. |
| 20. | Ta-liao Canal | Feng-shan | New | 1,666 | 1932-1933 | 521,250.- | Government subsidy $19,250.-. The balance was from a loan from the bank. |
| 21. | Ching-tung chung Canal | Yi-lan | Improvement and extension | 917 | 1932 | 128,000.- | |
| 22. | Pei-nan Canal | Taitung | Improvement and extension | 2,330 | 1935 | 970,462.- | Government subsidy $873,415.- |
| 23. | Repair of Taoyuan Tunnel | Taoyuan | Strengthening of tunnel | 21,300 | 1932-1935 | 581,000.- | |
| 24. | Yi-liao-si Canal | Pingtung | Improvement | 9,270 | 1936-1937 | 585,164.- | |
| 25. | Chia-nan Canal Drainage | Tainan Chiayi | 25,600 | 1936-1941 | 1,780,000.- | Half fund financed by Sugar Corporation. | |
| 26. | Reclamation of coast land | Pei-kong & Leng-pei, Tainan | 1,295 | 1935-1941 | 2,618,000.- | Take up by Japanese Reclamation Corporation and Sugar Corporation | |
| 27. | Small Irrigation Project | 41,500 | 1940-1945 | 17,265,702.- | Government subsidy $7,909,828.- | ||
| Table C - List of River Works Completed with Their Corresponding Protected Area | ||||||
| During Japanese Occupation Period (1915-1945) | ||||||
| Name of Rivers | Location | Year Started | Year Finished | Estimated area protected (hectares) | Length of Levee (m) | Total Cost (Japanase Currency) / Y |
| I-lan-cho-shui-Si | Yi-lan Hsien | 1917 | 1935 | 11,097 | 42,790 | 1,069,750.00 |
| Tan Shui River | Taipei Hsien | 1918 | 1945 | protect Taipei City | 10,816 | 2,163,200.00 |
| Tou Chian Si | Hsinchu Hsien | 1919 | 1945 | 1,624 | 18,093 | 1,628,370.00 |
| Ho Lung Si | Mialoi Hsien | 1917 | 1945 | 574 | 7,268 | 392,472.00 |
| Ta An Si | Mialoi & Taichung Hsien | 1945 | 4,526 | 15,928 | 1,353,880.00 | |
| Ta Chia Si | Taichung Hsien | 1920 | 1945 | 1,600 | 10,073 | 956,935.00 |
| Wu Si | Taichung Hsien | 1917 | 1939 | 4,923 | 41,900 | 1,676,000.00 |
| Cho Shui Si | Yun Lin & Changhua | 1945 | 36,273 | 76,273 | 4,195,015.00 | |
| Pei Kan Si | Yun Lin & Chiayi Hsien | 1919 | 1,522 | 5,033 | 312,046.00 | |
| Pu Tzu Si | Chiayi Hsien | 1945 | 648 | 2,000 | 80,000.00 | |
| Pa Chang Si | Tainan Hsien | 1928 | 1945 | 1,524 | 4,514 | 157,990.00 |
| Chi Shui Si | Tainan Hsien | 1945 | 920 | 3,170 | 110,950.00 | |
| Tseng Wen Si | Tainan Hsien | 1925 | 1939 | 25,390 | 41,227 | 3,710,430.00 |
| Erh-Tseng Hsin-Si | Kaohsiung Hsien | 1927 | 1945 | - | - | - |
| Hsia-Tan-Shui Si | Pingtung Hsien | 1917 | 1937 | 25,102 | 78,046 | 3,902,300.00 |
| Ling-pien Si | Pingtung Hsien | 1917 | 1945 | 6,509 | 20,681 | 373,835.00 |
| Pei-Nan-Ta Si | Taitung Hsien | 1921 | 1945 | 760 | 5,640 | 394,800.00 |
| Hsin Ku Luan Si | Hwalien Hsien | 1924 | 1945 | 637 | 3,505 | 192,775.00 |
| Hua Lian Si | Hwalien Hsien | 1915 | 1945 | 1,630 | 7,717 | 655,945.00 |
| Other Rivers | 1,922 | 24,479 | 1,581,965.00 | |||
| TOTAL | 127,063 | 419,153 | Y24,908,658.00 | |||
During the Japanese occupation many improvements on the original systems were effected, such as the combination of several independent systems into one, the construction of new intakes, the replacement of temporary diversion weirs by permanent ones, the installation of pumps for high land and for second crop where the diversion weirs had been washed off by floods, the introduction of the use of cement, and several ether devices.
During 1907-1913, extensive research and experimentation work were carried on. Experiments were done at the Agricultural Experimentation Station at Taipei. On the average, each crop of rice for Southern Taiwan required 1.60 meters of water, which was the sum total of precipitation and irrigation water, and one M3 per second of water was adequate for the irrigation of 656 hectares. For Northern Taiwan, the figures were 1.14 meters and 800 hectares for the first crop of rice and 0.59 meters and 2,000 hectares for the second crop. Experiments on duty of water for sugarcane were carried out only in 1912-1913. One M3 per second of water could irrigate 3,500-5,000 hectares of cane fields. For hydrographic studies, a total of 45 gaging stations were established during 1937-1938. However, the work stopped in 1939. The next year, the government established 4 first-grade stations to get hydrographic and meteorological data. Altogether 120 simple stations were established, but the records were taken by the local governments.
Study of various hydraulic problems was conducted during 1920-1939. The problem of drainage was first investigated in 1920-1926. From 1926-1930, investigations on water sources and structures were made. These were made only for systems above 480 hectares. Up to 1930, 8,410 hectares had been so investigated. Before that time, attention was only given to systems that could be more economically developed. Starting from 1931, the Japanese began making studies on the full utilization of different water-sources and on possible extensions. It was on the basis of such studies that the reclamation projects were drawn up. This work lasted until 1939.
As to the administration of the irrigation systems, the Japanese first enforced in 1903 a set of regulations called Public Irrigation System Regulations. It was stipulated that all the previous private systems, in so far as they affected the common welfare, should be regulated and supervised by the government, with which all details should be filed. These files helped the Japanese in planning improvement works. In 1909, the Japanese again issued regulations governing all government-built systems. These new regulations were for large-scale irrigation and reclamation projects as well as hydroelectric power plants. All projects requiring large investments and Intended for areas which were sparsely populated were directly sponsored by the government. In the years that followed, there were so many local irrigation associations that the Japanese found it necessary to have special regulations to improve their organization and place them under supervision. After the enforcement of the regulations governing these associations, all the Public Systems and Government Systems were turned over to the corresponding local associations. Altogether 106 associations were established. In 1937, the Japanese ordered them to be combined into 38 associations.
In financing the irrigation projects, the Japanese Government gave most of its subsidy to the so-called Public Systems, thus encouraging the previous private systems to come within the government's supervision. The amount of subsidy varied greatly. In the case of government-built projects, the total cost was borne by the government. As for large-scale projects in areas where the sparse population could not afford to pay the engineering cost, the Japanese Government furnished most or all of the funds. The local fund was usually raised by making a long-term loan from the banks.
Among the large irrigation projects carried out directly by the Japanese Government is the Chia-nan Canal, which benefits a total area of 150,000 hectares. The work was started in September 1920 and finished in May 1930. The actual cost was Y.54,139,678 of which Y.12,000.000 was furnished by the Japanese Government as a subsidy.
By V-J Day, the total area irrigated in Taiwan was 523,208 hectares (1950 Taiwan Agric. Yearbook). In the few years before V-J Day, many irrigation systems had fallen into disrepair. So the area actually irrigated then was probably below 500,000 hectares. The total amount spent was Y.180,410,579, of which Y.91,536,888 or 50.7% came from government subsidy and Y.88,873,691 consisted of loans from the banks. This total did not include expenditures for maintenance and investigations.
IV. Since V-J Day
After V-J Day, all construction works for irrigation and flood control have been taken care of by two kinds of organizations, namely, the Taiwan Water Conservancy Bureau under the Provincial Department of Reconstruction and its construction offices, and the local hydraulic associations, The former takes charge of larger projects while the latter take charge of minor projects, maintenance of all canals, and collection of taxes. There are altogether 40 hydraulic associations maintaining irrigation for over 500,000 hectares of farmland.
Generally speaking, the present irrigation systems in Taiwan have been maintained, improved, or newly built in more or less the same way as in the period of Japanese occupation. Projects taken up after V-J day were financed in equal amounts by the Water Conservancy Bureau and the local hydraulic associations. The Bureau's contributions were given as grants-in-aid while the hydraulic associations made their contributions, in most cases, by obtaining loans from the Bank of Taiwan through the Taiwan Land Bank. For certain projects, aid from the Bureau was 70% of the total costs. Since November 1949, JCRR came into the picture by helping irrigation projects in Taiwan. The policy of JCRR was originally to grant loans on a 50%-of-cost basis, but has been modified by changing from 50% loans to 100% loans.
Since V-J Day, four unfinished projects started by the Japanese, 12 new large irrigation projects and 163 new minor projects have been taken up (Table D). After the completion of this program, 72,843 hectares of additional land will be benefited by irrigation or drainage. Moreover, irrigation or drainage systems for another total area of 70,370 hectares will be improved. The total investment on construction work up to December 31, 1950, cannot be accurately determined because of confusion in records caused by the old and new currencies.* JCRR has approved altogether 23 irrigation or drainage projects, of which most are projects under the Bureau's program, with approved loans totaling US$1,085,831.00 (Table E). Up to the present time, there is a total irrigated area of about 530,000 hectares.
| Table D - Irrigation and Drainage Projects Taken up After V-J Day | |||||||||
| Date | Area affected in hectares | Total amount spent on Construction work up to Dec. 31, 1950 | |||||||
| Name of Project | Location | Starting | Completion | New irrigation or drainage | Improved irrigation or drainage | Paid in Old Taiwan Dollars (O.T.$) | Paid in New Taiwan Dollars (N.T.$) | Remarks | |
| 1. | Chang Kung Wei Irrigation Project | Lotung, Yilan | 1946 | June 1948 | 717 | 0 | 10,477,629.89 | - | Index No. 1-4 continuation of unfinished project started by Japanese. |
| 2. | Yuanlin Drainage Proj. | Changhwa | June 1946 | Not yet comp. | 0 | 12,362 | 49,744,567.43 | 2,466.92 | |
| 3. | Linyuan Irrigation & Drainage Project | Fengshan, Kaohsiung | " | June 1949 | 1,960 | 19,152 | 198,169,421.58 | 20,465.49 | |
| 4. | Yenpu Land Improvement Project | Pingtung | May 1946 | April 1949 | 14,900 | - | 244,685,710.05 | - | |
| 5. | Kuonfu Canal Irrigation Project | Hukow, Taoyuan | July 1947 | April 1950 | 2,910 | 1,160 | 400,160,674.30 | 175,676.85 | Also financed by JCRR. |
| 6. | Tzetzupei Ganal Enlargement Project | Peitou, Changhwa | Nov. 1949 | Not yet comp. | 15,018 | 823 | 518,958.45 | Also financed by JCRR. Estimated work done up to June 30, 1951 - 60%. | |
| 7. | Loshancho Irrigation Project | Changhwa | Oct. 1948 | " | 3,248 | 253 | 60,390,000.00 | 1,841,944.52 | Affected area covered in 6. Also financed by JCRR. |
| 8. | Tachu Drainage Proj. | Feng-yuan | Jan. 1949 | " | - | 310 | - | 1,095,052.76 | Estimated work done up to June 30, 1951 - 87%. |
| 9. | Touliu Land Improvement Project | Toulin, Yunlin | Nov. 1947 | " | 6,661 | 4,061 | 169,196,370.31 | 3,448,175.76 | Also financed by JCRR. Estimated work done up to June 30, 1951 - 60%. |
| 10. | A-kung-tein Irrigation & Drainage Proj. | Kangshan, Kaohsiung | Aug. 1947 | " | 1,848 | 299 | 162,537,839.15 | 892,808.12 | Also financed by JCRR. Estimated work done up to June 30, 1951 - 80%. |
| 11. | Kaosu Irrigation Proj. | Pingtung | May 1947 | Feb. 1951 | 3,049 | 2,149 | 281,384,183.20 | 411,587.04 | Also financed by JCRR. |
| 12. | Hengchun Irrigation & Drainage Project | Hengchun, Pingtung | Dec. 1948 | Not yet comp. | 350 | 300 | - | 1,080,857.88 | Estimated work done up to June 30, 1951 - 60%. |
| 13. | Taiwu Irrigation Project | Taiwu, Taitung | Mar. 1949 | " | 150 | 0 | - | 287,336.94 | |
| 14. | Taipingchu Irrigation Project | Yuli, Hwalien | June 1947 | " | 690 | 460 | 1,121,418,525.67 | 394,304.75 | Also financed by JCRR. Estimated work done up to June 30, 1951 - 65%. |
| 15. | Kwanshan Irrigation Project | Kangshan, Kaohsiung | July 1948 | " | 2,304 | 659 | 351,906,472.85 | 1,192,053.54 | Estimated work done up to June 30, 1951 - 50%. |
| 16. | Pei Pu Irrigation Project | Hwalien, Hwalien | Feb. 1950 | Not yet comp. | 827 | - | - | 375,891.26 | Also financed by JCRR. Estimated work done up to June 30, 1951 - 31%. |
| 17. | 163 Minor Project | Whole Island | Oct. 1946 | Dec. 1950 | 21,459 | 28,635 | 312,334,776.00 (Paid by Prov. Bureau only) | 2,108,101.00 (Paid by Prov. Bureau only) | Including projects financed also by JCRR |
| Total | 72,843 | 70,370 | 3,362,406,170.43 | 13,845,681.64 | |||||
| Table E - JCRR Approved and Supported Irrigation Engineering Projects After V-J Day | ||||||
| Area affected in hectares | JCRR's Loan Approved | |||||
| Project Code No. | Name of Project | Location | Area directly benefited by JCRR program | Area affected by improvement work done or will be benefited by future extension | in US$ | in NT$ |
| TW-E-1 | Chunkuan Irrigation Project | Yi-lan | 817(1) | - | 9,247 | |
| TW-E- 2 | Sicheo Irrigation Project | " | 700 | - | 6,730 | |
| TW-E- 3 | Kuonfu Canal Irrigation Project | Taoyuan | 4,070(1) | - | 31,520 | |
| TW-E- 4 | Taiwankow Pumping Irrigation Proj. | Changhwa | 651 (1) | - | 15,410 | |
| TW-E- 5 | Kaosu Irrigation Project | Pingtung | 5,198(1) | - | 7,056 | |
| TW-E- 6 | Tsaokung Pumping Irrigation Proj. | Kaohsiung | 4,350 | - | 26,226 | |
| TW-E- 7 | Taitung Reclamation Farm Project | Taitung | 44 (Reclamation) | - | 50,000 (contracted figure US$5,327.68) | |
| TW-E- 8 | Fongchi Reclamation Project | Hwalien | - | - (covered in TW-E-3) | 20,000 (not yet contracted) | |
| TW-E- 9 | Chianan Canal Lining Project | Yunlin | - | 53,188 (covered in TW-E-17) | 12,500 | |
| TW-E-10 | Lingnei Intake Improvement Project | " | - | " | 40,000 | |
| TW-E-11 | Nankuon Canal Improvement Project | Nantow | - | 750(1) | 1,780 | |
| TW-E-12 | Chianan Canal Lining Extension Proj. | Yunlin | - | 53,188 (covered in TW-E-17) | 2,100 | |
| TW-E-13 | A-kung-tien Irrigation Project | Kaohsiung | 1,297(1) | 850(1) | 1,476,000 (US$143,301) | |
| TW-E-14 | Kuon-fu Canal Irrigation Project | Taoyuan | 1,050(1) | - (covered in TW-E-3) | 495,300 (US$48,088) | |
| TW-E-15 | TouJiu Canal Irrigation Project | Yunlin | 290 | 10,432(1) | 1,523,000 (US$l47,864) | |
| TW-E-16 | Lushancho Lateral Irrigarion Proj. | Changhwa | 926(1) | 740,000 (US$71,845) | ||
| TW-E-17 | Chianan Canal Lining 2nd Extension Project. | Yunlin & Tainan | 136,342 | 862,000 (US$83,689) | ||
| TW-E-18 | Kangshan Pumping Irrigation Proj. | Kaohsiung | 528 | 323,000 (US$31,359) | ||
| TW-E-19 | Lushancho Main Canal Irrigation Project | Changhwa | 8,668(1) (including 926 ha. of TW-E-16) | 1,136,500 (US$110,340) | ||
| TW-E-20 | Taipingchu Irrigation Project | Hwalien | 404(1) | 746(1) | 896,700 (US$ 87,058) | |
| TW-E-21 | Peipu Irrigation Project | " | 827(1) | 337,100 (US$32,728) | ||
| TW-E-22 | Peikang (Niu Tao Wan) Drainage Proj. | Yunlin | 14,970 (covered in TW-E-17) | 765,000 (US$74,272) | ||
| TW-E-23 | Hsi-ho Reservoir Project | Miaoli | 650 | 337,000 (US$32,718) | ||
| Total | 19,925 | 157,689 | 222,569 | 8,891,600 (US$863,262) | ||
| Remarks: (1) area covered already in Table D | ||||||
As to flood control, the work of levee construction has been continued by the Provincial Water Conservancy Bureau with all the resources it can command for such work. Since V-J Day and up to June 30, 1951, 11,994 meters of new levees, repair of 72,859 meters of old levees and 495 units of spur dikes had been completed (Table F). It is estimated that 70,017 hectares of land can be protected from flood. The achievements of the Provincial Water Conservancy Bureau in the field of flood control are very satisfactory compared with the work done by the Japanese. The total length of levees built in the period of Japanese occupation was only 419,153 meters. In addition, the Bureau has subsidized the local governments in repairing levees along different small creeks.
| Table F - List of River Works Completed with Their Corresponding Protected Areas since V-J Day (Up to June 30, 1951) | ||||||||
| Main Construction Work - Levee & Revetment | Total Construction Cost | |||||||
| Name of Rivers | Location | Date starting | Estimated Area Protected (hectares) | New Project (m) | Repair (m) | Spur Dike | Paid in O.T.W.$ | Paid in N.T.W.$ |
| Yi-Lan -Cho-Shui Si | Yi-lan Hsien | 1945 | 3,224 | - | 6,184 | 81 | 172,071,752.42 | 1,690,564.82 |
| Tan Shui Si | Taipei Hsien | 1948 | Whole Taipei City | 12 | 1,195 | 28 | 33,903,825.83 | 1,122,380.61 |
| Tou Chian Si | Hsinchu Hsien | 1945 | 624 | 402 | 2,736 | 17 | 81,125,758.07 | 885,295.93 |
| Hou Lung Si | Miaoli Hsien | 1947 | 334 | - | 1,666 | 13 | 9,255,352.98 | 354,284.19 |
| Ta An Si | Miaoli & Taichung Hsien | 1946 | 3,248 | 95 | 5,623 | 17 | 157,542,565.01 | 1,153,880.42 |
| Ta Chia Si | Taichung Hsien | 1946 | 1,090 | - | 3,395 | 12 | 58,448,363.34 | 938,756.56 |
| Wu Si | Taichung Hsien | 1946 | 12,398 | - | 10,543 | 31 | 263,098,785.23 | 1,200,992.92 |
| Cho Shui Si | Yunlin & Changhwa Hsien | 1946 | 26,439 | 4,617 | 13,997 | 63 | 324,066,459.23 | 2,873,210.58 |
| Pei Kan Si | Yunlin & Chiayi Hsien | 1946 | 2,264 | 370 | 3,385 | 75 | 49,560,877.93 | 1,240,669.04 |
| Pu Tzu Si | Chiayi Hsien | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Pa Chang Si | Tainan Hsien | 1947 | 726 | - | 1,047 | 15 | 2,857,909.83 | 269,457.81 |
| Chi Shui Si | Tainan Hsien | 1949 | 120 | 90 | - | 15 | - | 355,036.83 |
| Tseng Wen Si | Tainan Hsien | 1946 | 2,846 | - | 2,310 | 37 | 63,768,195.19 | 435,829.38 |
| Erh-Tseng-Hsin Si | Kaohsiung Hsien | 1951 | - | - | - | 1 | - | 270,180.20 |
| Hsia-Tan-Shui Si | Pingtung Hsien | 1946 | 6,894 | 200 | 6,926 | 32 | 190,696,389.64 | 1,440,188.96 |
| Ling-pien Si | Pingtung Hsien | 1946 | 5,036 | 1,222 | 2,919 | 30 | 28,990,049.86 | 679,656.78 |
| Pei-Nan-Ta Si | Taitung Hsien | 1946 | 1,800 | 2,700 | 4,013 | 16 | 470,887,423.77 | 1,615,203.69 |
| Hsin Ku Luan Si | Hwalien Hsien | 1946 | 628 | 420 | 1,309 | 2 | 49,935,123.40 | 447,398.67 |
| Hua-Lien Si | Hwalien Hsien | 1946 | 1,614 | 1,866 | 1,954 | 2 | 121,930,953.72 | 268,033.06 |
| Other Rivers | 732 | - | 3,657 | 8 | 13,972,256.48 | 660,107.50 | ||
| Total | 70,017 | 11,994 | 72,859 | 495 | $2,092,112,041.93 | $17,901,127.95 | ||
* The records show total expenditures of Old Taiwan $3,362,406,170 and NT$13,845,681.