No one yet knows how many Chinese Communist officials and intellectuals have been purged in the "great socialist cultural revolution". The total probably is far higher than the 82 listed here. But these are prominent names that have been mentioned in Chinese Communist newspapers and broadcasts.
The Communists themselves imply that many others are involved. Almost daily, attacks are being made against unnamed individuals who are vaguely identified as "anti-socialists", "revisionists", "representative figures of the bourgeoisie", "bourgeois royalists", and "members of secret anti-party groups".
Anti-Communist activities and anti-Mao sentiments are not limited to intellectuals. Some authorities believe that most of the people of the mainland are anti-Communist in thought, if not in action. In 1962, the Communists themselves admitted that large but not specified numbers of persons were guilty of political acts against the regime. Peiping broke the group down as follows:
workers, 40 per cent; farmers, 33 per cent; young intellectuals, 20 per cent; and scholars, 7 per cent. An age breakdown was presented, too: under 18, 3 per cent; 18 to 45, 82 per cent; and over 45, 15 per cent.
Those on the identified purge list fall into five general categories:
1. Party and administrative officials of Peiping municipality.
2. Party secretaries and presidents of colleges and universities.
3. Officials of central party and administrative organs.
4. Party and administrative officials in charge of propaganda, journalism, education, and cultural affairs in the various provinces.
5. Scholars, writers, artists, film directors, and performers.
Emphasis seems to be on the first four groups, wherein lay the base of power of the No. 1 purgee — Peiping "mayor" Peng Chen. Here is the list, as of mid-July.
First Group
1. Peng Chen: He was called one of the five "closest comrades-in-arms of Chairman Mao" (the others being "president" Liu Shao-chi, "premier" Chou En-lai, "defense minister" Lin Piao, and CCP general secretary Teng Hsiao-ping) in December, 1964. Peng lost his main post of first secretary of the CCP Peiping municipal committee to Li Hsueh-feng on or before May 25. His position as Peiping "mayor" is expected to lapse shortly.
2. Liu Jen: Liu's titles included those of second secretary of the CCP Peiping municipal committee, member of the secretariat of the CCP North China bureau, alternate member of the CCP central committee, and political commissar of the Peiping garrison. He was relieved of his first post in late May together with Peng Chen.
3. Teng To: Member of the secretariat of the CCP Peiping municipal committee, editor-in-chief of the Frontline fort nightly magazine, alternate member of the CCP North China bureau, author of Night's Chat at Yenshan (Peiping), and co-author (with Liao Mo-sha and Wu Han) of Annals of Three-Household Village. These writings have been severely attacked.
4. Liao Mo-sha: Director of the united front work department of the CCP Peiping municipal committee.
5. Li Chi: Member of the standing committee and director of the propaganda department of the CCP Peiping municipal committee.
6. Chang Wen-sung: Member of the standing committee and director of the education department of the CCP Peiping municipal committee.
7. Fang Chin (female): Member of the standing committee of the CCP Peiping municipal committee, managing director of both Peiping Daily and Peiping Evening News, "vice mayor" of Peiping.
8. Sung Shuo: Deputy director of the university and scientific work department of the CCP Peiping municipal committee.
9. Lu Ping: First secretary of the Peiping University CCP committee and president of Peiping University.
10. Peng Pei-yun: An official of the university and scientific work department of the CCP Peiping municipal committee, deputy secretary of the Peiping University CCP committee.
11. Wu Han: "Vice mayor" of Peiping, historian, writer, author of the drama Hai Jui Dismissed from Office which is under attack.
12. Wang Chao-hua: First secretary of the Peiping municipal committee of the Chinese Communist Youth League (CYL). His dismissal was announced June 15.
13. Chang Chin-lin: Second secretary of the same committee, dismissed together with Wang Chao-hua.
14. Wang Chia-liu: Deputy secretary of the same committee, dismissed at the same time.
15. Yang Shu: Deputy director of the propaganda department of the CCP North China bureau, deputy director of the philosophy and social science department of the "Chinese Academy of Sciences". His series of essays entitled Youth Talks is under attack. He worked on the CCP Peiping municipal committee for several years.
16. Chou Yu: Deputy managing director and editor-in-chief of Peiping Daily.
17. Ku Hsing: Deputy director of the editorial department of Peiping Evening News.
18 Wang Ting-kun: Deputy editor-in-chief of Peiping Daily.
19. Wang Li-hsing: Deputy editor-in-chief of Peiping Daily.
Second Group
20. Peng Kang: Secretary of the CCP committee at Sian Chiaotung University and concurrently its president.
21. Kuang Ya-ming: Secretary of the CCP committee at Nanking University and concurrently its president, accused of engaging in "an ignoble and villainous conspiracy to suppress the revolutionary movement within Nanking University". Radio Peiping declared that the students would continue to expose other "monsters" on the campus.
22. Chu Shao-tien: First secretary of CCP committee at Wuhan University.
23. Ho Ting-hua: Vice president of Wuhan University. Ho and Chu Shao-tien were accused of helping "anti-party and anti-socialist black-line activities" on the campus. They were also said to have "controlled the party in the university, working loyally for the bourgeoisie and paving the way for the revival of capitalism".
24. Ho Lu-ting: President of the Shanghai Musical College and composer of the song East Is Red, which became a theme tune for Mao Tse-tung's official appearances.
25. Cheng Sze-chun: President of Chungking University. Cheng was said to have prevented his faculty members and students from participating in the "cultural revolution". He was dismissed and subjected to investigation.
26. Hsia Chen-chau: A professor at Chekiang University. Hsia was severely censured for "underestimating the literary value of poems written by Mao Tse-tung". Kwangming Jih Pao of Peiping said Hsia "deviated from the standpoint of class struggle by asserting language is a form of art beyond the theoretical viewpoint of class struggle".
27. Tsai San-chien: Vice principal of the Canton Municipal 45th Middle School. Tsai and his "six-man combat team" were dismissed and arrested for "preventing the students from participating in the cultural revolution" and trying to "wipe out some revolutionary students".
28. Huang Chu-tung: Secretary of the CCP committee at Kweiyang Municipal Teachers College. The committee was accused of being "a black gang in anti-party and anti-socialist activities". Kweiyang broad casts said the gang had been "boycotting youths from workers' and farmers' families and educating students with capitalist thinking".
29. Liu Pi-shi: Deputy secretary of the party committee at Shantung Normal College.
30. Liu Ming-yuan (phonetic): Vice president of the same college. The two Lius were dismissed for "opposing the socialist revolution ... taking a series of steps against the instructions issued by the CCP central committee on the revolution".
31. Li Fan-fu: "Deputy governor" of Anhwei province. Li was accused of being "a representative figure of the bourgeoisie that has sneaked into the party".
32. Li Ta: President of Wuhan University. Li was said to have used the cover of "an old Communist party member—Marxist and senior scholar" to "persistently and concretely carry out anti-party, anti-socialist, and anti-Mao activities".
33. Wu Hsiao-chang: secretary of Hunan Provincial Educational Cadres School. Wu "not only attempted to suppress the cultural revolution but deliberately persecuted 66 revolutionary teachers and students on his blacklist". Wu's wife, in charge of personnel affairs at the school, and two members of the school party committee also were accused of "assaulting the revolution".
34. Kuo Hsiao-huang: Vice president of Chengchou University in Honan province. Kuo was charged on July 6 with "persisting in his assertion that Mao Tse-tung's thinking and writings are too obsolete to meet the requirements of the world today".
35. Ko Ling: Dean of the Can ton Municipal Medical College. Ko was purged for "harboring reactionary professors and rightist elements and employing land lords and enemies of the proletariat".
Third Group
36. Chou Yang: "Vice minister of culture" and concurrently vice chairman of the "All-China Federation of Literary and Art Circles". Chou was accused by Red Flag of being "a big red umbrella covering all the monsters in the fierce class struggle Oil the cultural front". The magazine said Chou and several others "used their influence in making the ministry of culture into a ministry of emperors, kings, generals, ministers, scholars, and beauties". "It disseminated only reactionary, capitalist, feudal, and revisionist literature and art, and became a tool of the bourgeoisie to exercise dictatorship over the proletariat," Red Flag charged, adding:
"Many associations under the All-China Federation of Literary and Art Circles became revisionist organizations of the Hungarian Petofi Club type. This was the disastrous result of the implementation of Chou Yang's black line in literature and art. The large numbers of bad literary works, bad dramas, and very bad music which were let loose and spread their poison through the country were produced under the guidance of Chou Yang's black line in literature and art. All this was done so as to prepare public opinion for the restoration of capitalism. "
37. Lin Mo-han: Lin held exactly the same position as Chou Yang, being one of the "vice ministers of culture" and also one of the deputy directors of the CCP propaganda department. Lin and Shao Chuan-lin, a writer and theorist in literature and arts, were condemned by Red Flag as working together with Chou Yang.
38. An unnamed high-ranking person in the modern history research institute of the "Chinese Academy of Sciences" who is currently the editor-in-chief of the Historical Research magazine. Probably he is Li Shu.
39. Chen Leng: Deputy director of the philosophical research institute of the "Chinese Academy of Sciences".
40. Chen Chi-tung: Deputy director of the cultural department under the Communist army's general political department, a former major general.
41. Yang Hsien-chen: Member of the CCP central committee, former president of the CCP's Higher Party School.
42. Hsia Yen, alias Shen Tuan-hsien: "Vice minister of culture", scenario writer of the film The Lin Family Store.
43. Chen Huang-mei: "Vice minister of culture".
44. Lu Ting-yi: One of the "vice premiers". Lu was replaced July 9 as head of the CCP central committee's propaganda department. He is the second highest in the purged group, next only to Peng Chen.
Fourth Group
45. Wang Hsiao-chuan: Director of the propaganda department of the CCP Kweichow provincial committee, a standing member of that committee, and editor-in-chief of Kweichow Daily. The entire editorial department of this paper has been thoroughly reorganized since Wang's dismissal.
46. Chang Li-chun (phonetic): Deputy director of the administrative office of the CCP southwest bureau and concurrently deputy, secretary of the CCP Mienyang regional committee in Szechuan province.
47. Li Meng-wei (phonetic): Editor-in-chief of Yunnan Daily.
48. Shih Chang-chen (phonetic): A columnist of Yunnan Daily. Shih wrote a series of "Extra-Editorial Chats" now under attack.
49. Chen Po-lin (phonetic): Editor-in-chief of Chengtu Evening News.
50. Lu Ti (phonetic): Deputy director of the propaganda department of the CCP Kwangsi autonomous regional committee. His novel Old Friend is under attack.
51. Shih Lin-ho: Director of the cultural bureau of Kiangsi province and a playwright. Shih was fired for having made "a series of most fanatic and most malicious attacks on the three Red banners in his plays since 1957 ... that deliberately propagated humanitarianism of the bourgeoisie and revisionism and harmony among different classes of society".
52. Tao Pai: Deputy propaganda director of the CCP Kiangsu provincial committee. Tao was branded as "one of the top figures in the anti-Mao clique". "He used the red flag to launch a series of attacks on party lines... He also viciously attacked the anti-rightist campaign in a number of articles published under pseudonyms."
53. Yu Hsiu: "Vice governor" of Shantung province and director of the Shantung provincial committee's cultural and educational department. Yu was purged as a "manager" of the Shantung branch of the "Three-Household Village black line" of Teng To, Wu Han, and Liao Mo-sha.
54. Chen Chi-tong (phonetic): Chen, described as a "leading personality of culture" in the Communist army, was accused of bourgeois sentiments and sowing "poisonous weeds" along the "anti-party and anti- socialist" path in the military. Sharp criticism against him began to appear in the Liberation Army Daily June 6. It was the first public mention of a military figure since the LAD began its "cultural revolution" in late May.
55. Chu Pai-yin (phonetic): Deputy director of the motion picture bureau of Shanghai city. His works were described as "a cultural platform opposing Mao Tse-tung's thought and a political platform against the dictatorship of the proletariat".
Fifth Group
56. Li Yun-chao (phonetic): A member of the editorial staff of the Yunnan Daily. Li was held responsible for the paper's anti-party articles, branded as a "revisionist" and dismissed.
57. Wan Shen-lai (phonetic): Assistant lecturer of history at Hofei Teachers College, Anhwei province.
58. Chin Mu: Deputy editor-in chief of Canton Evening News and writer. Chin wrote a series of essays entitled Shells from the Sea of Art that are now under attack.
59. Kang Chuo: Writer.
60. Meng Chao: His drama Li Hui Niang is under attack.
61. Ku Chi-kuang: A professor at Kiangsi University and Kiangsi Teachers College, also vice chairman of Kiangsi province historical society. Ku was dismissed for "attacking the Communist social system".
62. Chien Po-tsan: Historian, chairman of the Peiping University history department.
63. Fung Ting: Professor of philosophy at Peiping University and chairman of the Peiping philosophical society.
64. Shao Chuan-lin: Writer, vice chairman of the "Chinese Writers Association".
65. Chiang Hsin-yu: Writer.
66. Tien Han: Former chairman of the "Chinese Dramatists Association" and author of the Peiping regime's "national anthem". Tien's drama Hsieh Yao-huan is under attack.
67. Yang Han-sheng: Playwright, vice chairman of the "All-China Federation of Literary and Art Circles".
68. Chou Hsin-fang, alias Chi Lin Tung: Peiping opera performer, director of Shanghai Peiping Opera Theater, co-author and performer of the leading role in the drama Hai Jui Petitions the Emperor which is under attack.
69. Tao Hsiung: Director of Shanghai Peiping Opera Theater, co-playwright of the previously mentioned drama.
70. Chou Wan-cheng: He collaborated in writing the scenario of the film A Thousand Miles of Head Wind now under attack.
71. Fang Huang: Co-writer of the scenario and director of the film.
72. Yu Ling: Actor, co-writer of the scenario of the film Big Li, Small Li, and Old Li now under attack.
73. Yeh Ming: Co-writer of the scenario of the same film.
74. Hsieh Chin: Co-writer of the scenario and director of the same film.
75. Liang Yen-ching: Co-writer of the scenario of the same film.
76. Pai Jen: Co-writer of the scenario of the film Troops Approaching the City now under attack.
77. Lin Nung: Co-writer and director of the same film.
78. Chen Ko: Writer and co-director of the film Get Recruits now under attack.
79. Shen Yen: Co-director of the same film.
80. Sun Yeh-fang: Economist, former deputy director of "state statistics bureau".
81. Chien Hsueh-shen: He is among the several American-trained atomic scientists caught in the current "cultural revolution". Chien reportedly worked on the U.S. intercontinental ballistic program before returning to the Chinese mainland.
82. Chen Kuang-yuan (phonetic): Editor-in-chief of the Tsinghai Daily, which has been accused of publishing editorial comments contradictory to the party line in the current "revolution".
Peiping China Youth Daily, the organ of the Chinese Communist Youth League, said July 1 that "while a great number of the anti-party and anti-socialist elements have been discovered, there are still a few of them hiding in the revolutionary ranks." It called on all members of the Red Youth League to do their utmost to "expose the malicious plot of the anti-party group and unearth the bad elements among them".
The end of this list may not be reached for a long time to come.