No post of power was accorded Chiang Ching at the "people's congress" last January. Mainland watchers were not agreed as to whether she and her forces lost or gained ground. Some said she and her leftists were overshadowed by Chou En lai. But maybe she didn't have to try for power because she already had it. She attended the congress. Mao did not. A speech she made to the "ministry of foreign affairs" in March suggests that she now speaks with the voice and the authority of a senile and ailing husband.
She said, at the outset, that she had learned from Mao and was merely conveying his ideas and wishes. These were the thoughts that Chiang Ching said were uppermost in Mao's mind:
The objective of Marxism-Leninism-Mao Tse tung thought is a Communist takeover of the world. This cannot be done all at once. For the present, states will remain independent but nations must be liberated through the revolt of the people. Peiping stands ready to help poor backward countries arid themselves of imperialism and colonialism. (It may be wondered whether the Third World relishes the description.) For those who cannot afford to buy arms, the Chinese Communists will provide them free. The only condition is that the recipients use them for revolution.
Specifically, the Chinese Communist regime supports guerrilla warfare against apartheid in South Africa, struggle against hegemony in the Middle East, national struggle in Latin America, revolutionary struggle against the domination of the Soviet Union over Eastern Europe and liberation struggle in Indochina. The Chinese Communists will be benefited even while these struggles are in progress. They can develop their economy in peace while carrying out the socialist revolution in politics, ideology and culture. The representatives of Liu Shao-chi and Lin Piao can be plucked out of the party and society freed of bourgeois influences.
Red China's foreign policy is to be concentrated on black friends, small friends and poor friends. White friends, great friends and rich friends do not matter. The small friends put Peiping in the United Nations and brought the great powers to its gates. During the Nixon talks with Mao, Henry Kissinger revealed that the United States intended to abandon the Asian area of the Pacific. Kissinger is to be considered a small bourgeois politician. He is limited by his class interests and cannot understand the contradictions of the complex international situation. He is an adventurer and defeatist. Kissinger spoke of the balance of power. He recognizes the existence of contradictions but does not seek to resolve them under new conditions of struggle. On the contrary, he wants to avoid antagonism. This is an ostrich policy.
Mao warned North Vietnam against moving into the arms of the Soviet Union. He said that opposing imperialism (the United States) without opposing revisionism would lead to a second revolution.
The campaign to criticize Lin Piao and Confucius must continue in the foreign service. Those abroad cannot conduct themselves exactly as they would at home. They cannot paste up a poster denouncing their ambassador or their "foreign minister" in New York or Paris. There are other ways. Diplomats can be called home to study, or they can study alone or in groups. Members in the foreign service may not slip away from the unified leadership of the party; they can be called home within a few hours. Some embassies, consulates and trade offices care only for business. They work hard but care nothing for the study of politics and ideology. Embassies in Eastern and Central Africa have not carried out political study for six months and have sent in no reports on such activities. Mao instructed them to report more often and if necessary to travel to Peiping more often. Those in foreign service must heed the party leadership and firm up their opposition to imperialism and their prevention of revisionism. Embassies must be like units inside the country. A plan must be drafted, a leading team established, study intensified and reports made regularly. If this is not done, the leadership must be changed at once.
Campaigns are to be based on the Four-Not, Five-Possible and Six-Must regulations laid down by the party central in February of 1972. The Four-Not are: Not to pluck out people, not to dismiss people from office, not to write posters and not to get together to form factionalist organizations. The Five-Possible: Minor criticisms are acceptable, local superiors may be bypassed in sending home denunciations, objections may be raised in personal talks with the leader, group discussion of study is permissible along with the submission of joint proposals or reports without the approval of local superiors, and it is acceptable to ask for a summons home to report. The Six Must: unity before the outside world, investigation of any occurrences in accordance with instructions, acceptance of party leadership and the interests of the whole body, no fusses about nothing, harmony even in the face of minor clashes, no favoritism or denigration and understanding that some cadres occupy special positions.
Diplomats are front-line fighters against the imperialists and the revisionists. They have to make contact with people of every kind. It is therefore essential to maintain revolutionary vigilance and be on guard against the sugar-coated bullets of the enemy.
Chiang Ching dealt in some personalities. She mentioned the fall of Pai Hsiang-kuo, former "minister of foreign trade" and now head of logistics for the army. She said he was brought down by a poisonous snake in the form of a pretty girl but that it was to be hoped he would change and go on with his work. She mentioned the examples set by Mao, Chou En-lai and Chu Teh, head of the congress standing committee. She had especially high praise for Ch'en Ch'u, the "ambassador" to Japan, as a "top man whose revolutionary force is strong." In a report, he said and she quoted: " 'In a noisy city, facing imperialism, revisionism and reactionaries, my heart is turned to the sun and forever follows the party.' "
There is nothing so surprising in the speech itself. But who is Chiang Ching to lay down the law to a "foreign ministry" which now operates in more than 100 countries? Using Mao as a front, she tells the diplomatic establishment and its personnel how they are to conduct themselves. She makes no bones about the regime's readiness to foment revolution anywhere in the world - not only in a bid for eventual world power, but so the Chinese Communists can grow stronger while others tear themselves apart. The recent foreign policy of Red China has been directed at cultivating the United States - at least on the surface so as to use Americans as tools against the Soviet Union. Chiang Ching does not distinguish between the policy to be followed toward the United States and that toward the U.S.S.R. They are both enemies, and Henry Kissinger is a fool.
For those in the diplomatic service she had the message of "ally yourself with the Maoists or else." Some embassies were patted on the back; others were criticized. All were given the message that there is only one Mao Tse-tung and Chiang Ching is his mouthpiece and possible successor. What is the meat that Chiang Ching has eaten that she has grown so great? What are the implications for the struggle between the leftists and Chou En-Iai power holders, and for the Mao succession? These are crucial questions which will loom larger in the wake of Chiang Ching's assertion of power.
Following are developments affecting the Chinese Communists from May 16 to June 15:
MAY 16 - The biennial Canton trade fair closed amid reports of slack business despite big cuts in the prices of commodities. Foreign sources in Canton said it would be difficult to give accurate estimates until all negotiations were completed but it appeared to have been another quiet fair. Following last autumn's fair - one of the most depressed since the 1960s - prices were further reduced.
MAY 17 - Former Premier Nguyen Cao Ky of South Vietnam said his country is split by Chinese Communist influence in the south and Soviet control over the north. To avoid complete domination by Russia, Peiping will "try to support the Communists in the south," Ky said.
India's annexation of Sikkim is seen as "a means of strengthening India security along the northern flank facing Red China." Russell Brines, a veteran Asian affairs expert, wrote in the Christian Science Monitor that "India has given clear indication that it intends to continue building the strongest possible independent military position in South Asia."
MAY 18 - Clear signs of political upheavals in Hangchow were reported in Peiping by foreign travelers. They saw hundreds and hundreds of posters, most of which had been recently ripped down, and a large number of slogans which had been covered by fresh whitewash. Strict security measures were being enforced and security men and trained police carrying pistols or automatic rifles were an unusual sight in a mainland city open to foreign visitors.
MAY 19 - The Central Intelligence Agency opened airmail from the Chinese mainland for inspection several years back, the Washington Post reported. The paper said mail checks were carried out on four separate occasions, each lasting a week or two, between November, 1969, and October, 1971.
MAY 20 - The so-called "Tachai experience" much ballyhooed by the Peiping regime is a propaganda hoax, according to experts in Chinese Communist affairs. The experts said the "Tachai experience" is actually an unprecedented investment in money and manpower for very small returns except as a propaganda showcase. The village has only 83 families and its work detachment consists of 199 farmers who take care of 802 mou (about 133 acres) of farmland.
Wu Hsiu-chuan, Moscow-educated former "vice-foreign minister" of the Peiping regime, was named one of deputy chiefs of the Chinese Communist army's general staff, a Peiping broadcast disclosed.
People's Daily indirectly called for nations dominated by the Soviet Union to rise in armed struggle. Citing the American defeat in Indochina as an example, the newspaper said in an editorial that determined struggle against the Soviet Union is bound to succeed.
MAY 21- Peiping stepped up its anti-American propaganda, claiming the United States is now in a position of unprecedented isolation. For the second successive day, the "New China News Agency" carried a long article lauding the defeat of U.S. imperialism by "the small and weak nations of Indochina."
Much inequality still continues in the Chinese mainland's rural areas in spite of the "cultural revolution," according to the results of an inquiry published recently in the People's Daily. The inequalities appear hardly less serious that those advocated by the "Chinese Khrushchev," Liu Shao chi, who was sacked during the "cultural revolution," the report said.
MAY 22 - Wall papers revealing worsening internal strife are appearing again in large numbers in all major cities on the Chinese mainland, intelligence sources reported in Taipei. The sources said copies of the posters have been forwarded by agents working behind the enemy lines.
Peiping sharply attacked the United States again, claiming America's image had been thoroughly blackened by the smoke from its own gunboats. The attack came in a report from the official "New China News Agency," which referred for the first time in months to the U.S. as a "paper tiger" and scorned what it described as Washing ton's attempt to depict the Mayaguez incident as an American victory.
MAY 23 - A large-scale purge reportedly initiated and directed by Mao Tse-tung is spreading in some provinces of the Chinese mainland, particularly in Kwangtung and Fukien, Taipei sources reported. The movement is called in some areas the "new cultural revolution" and in others the "liquidation of the capitalist thought."
Chinese Communists have reiterated their sup port for attempts by the outlawed Communist Party of Indonesia to overthrow the present Jakarta government and seize power by "armed struggle." The renewed pledge came in a message from the central committee of the Chinese Communist party to the CPI leadership delegation now exiled in Peiping.
The United States and the Soviet Union are trying to deprive oil-exporting countries of the "fruits of victory" by selling them arms, equipment, stocks and property, the "New China News Agency" said.
MAY 24 - Mao Tse-tung is unable to speak, hear or see properly as a result of a stroke he reportedly suffered last autumn, according to the London Sunday Telegraph. The 81-year-old Chinese Communist leader's health has deteriorated badly following the stroke, first reported in October by the Daily Telegraph and said to have taken place at the end of September, the paper said.
In a signed article in Red Flag, first secretary of the Kiangsi province party committee Chiang Wei-ching, wrote: "Not only the old landlords and bourgeois elements have not ceased their activities of restoration. But some individuals have become or are becoming the new bourgeois elements."
West Berlin newspapers reported that a mid night police raid netted three Chinese holders of Peiping "passports" engaged in illegal gambling.
MAY 25 - "Adventurist," "defeatist" and "politician of the reactionary class" are the epithets Chiang Ching used to describe U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in a recent policy speech before senior foreign service officials, according to Taipei sources. Mao Tse-tung's wife, who is a member of the Politburo, is now meddling in the regime's foreign affairs, the sources said.
Two Chinese Communist vessels took away a 60-ton South Korean fishing boat with 10 crewmen on board in the East China Sea, Seoul maritime police said.
MAY 26 - A major Soviet newspaper told its readers that Chinese Communist leaders believe world war "is a good thing and not a bad one." Sovietskaya Rossiya claimed that the Peiping leaders "used armed force against their neighbors, particularly India, staged direct provocations against and interfered in the affairs of Burma, Nepal, Cambodia and other Asian states."
The Chinese Communists are rewriting the history of China, a Japanese press dispatch from Peiping disclosed. According to the report, a revised edition of the "Twenty-four Histories" will be published at the end of this year. This is a collection of books dealing with the history of China down to the Ming dynasty (1368-1644).
Peiping said that the intensive rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union would ultimately result in armed conflict between the two superpowers. "New China News Agency" was quoting a speech by "vice premier" Li Hsien-nien.
The Soviet Union launched a vitriolic attack on Peiping's Asian policy, saying it was aimed at stirring up hatred among the Asian peoples and pushing the world toward a new war. Sovietskaya Rossiyl; condemned every aspect of Chinese Communist policy and accused Peiping of harboring imperial ambitions towards its neighbors.
The London Daily Telegraph's correspondent in Peiping, Clare Hollingworth, reported Peiping is becoming increasingly apprehensive of Russian attempts to nil the power vacuum created by the withdrawal of U.S. forces from South Vietnam and Cambodia.
MAY 27 - Peiping agreed to provide financial aid to North Korea during Kim II Sung's visit last month, foreign sources said. They said the value of the aid was not known. During his stay in Peiping, Kim spoke of his determination to unite Korea.
A new attack on the "work-points" system under which Chinese mainland commune members are paid has been broadcast by Wuhan radio with a warning that the system could lead to a return of capitalism.
The Japanese Communist party strongly criticized Peiping's demand for incorporating the anti hegemony clause in the so-called "peace and amity treaty" between Tokyo and Peiping.
A deposed prime minister of Nepal warned that unless India intervenes, Peiping will occupy Nepal by default. B.P. Koirala, now in exile in India, said "the pro-Communist influence in Nepal is steadily increasing."
Pai Hsiang-kuo, Peiping's former minister of foreign trade, has been demoted to the position of a deputy department director in the regime's defense ministry because of his weakness for pretty women. This was revealed by Chiang Ching in her speech to senior diplomatic personnel.
MAY 28 - Peiping seems to be rekindling the anti-Americanism of the 50s and 60s in the wake of U.S. reaffirmation of its defense commitments to its allies, an expert in Communist affairs said in Taipei. The expert was referring to a People's Daily editorial of May 20 which lauded as a "historical document" the anti-American statement made by Mao Tse-tung five years ago. Known as the "May 20 Declaration," the 800-word statement was Mao's eighth written denunciation of the United States. The day after the statement was issued, a 500,000-man anti-American rally was held at Tien An Men Square in Peiping with Mao participating.
Peiping' has declined to participate in efforts to promote world food security, the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization said.
MAY 29 - Secretary of State Henry Kissinger has expressed U.S. intention to give up the whole Asian-Pacific region in his talks with Chinese Communist leaders, according to a speech by Chiang Ching, Mao Tse-tung's wife. Chiang de scribed Kissinger as a "defeatist" and criticized his balance of power policy as an "ostrich policy" of hiding one's head in the sand.
MAY 30 - The Central Committee of the Chinese Communist party has convened in plenary session, the Peiping correspondent of the official Hungarian news agency MTI reported. Citing reliable sources, the Hungarian journalist said the plenary session would be drafting party guidelines for the forthcoming "national conferences of trade unions," the "youth league" and the "federation of women."
JUNE 1 - The Chinese government de scribed as "most regrettable" Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos' decision to visit the Chinese mainland. "This decision is bound to seriously mar the traditional friendly relations between the Republic of China and the Philippines," the Minis try of Foreign Affairs said.
JUNE 2 - The Soviet Communist party newspaper Pravda accused Peiping of trying to draw Japan into an anti-Soviet policy by encouraging Japanese territorial claims against the U.S.S.R. and proposing a Chinese Communist-Japanese friendship treaty which denounces the policy of hegemony by other powers.
The Chinese Communists have earned over US$15 billion from their global opium trade, Interior Minister Lin Chin-sheng of the Republic of China reported. Minister Lin said Peiping is the world's largest opium exporter.
JUNE 3 - Peiping accused the Soviet Union of stirring up trouble in the European Economic Community in an attempt to divide it.
A German employee of the American Garrison Command in West Berlin has confessed to spying for the Chinese Communist "embassy" in East Berlin. Horst Schalitz was caught taking secret papers on rocket-launching equipment for helicopters from the U.S. Berlin Garrison Headquarters.
JUNE 4 - A total of 44,804 mainland Chinese "immigrants" entered Hongkong between January 1 last year and May 31 this year, British authorities said.
Peiping issued a stem appeal for "unity and stability" in what is believed to the wake of problems created in the provinces by the four-month old campaign to "restrict the rights of the bourgeois." There have been reports of political and social upheaval in parts of Southern China caused by the campaign, started in February, and persistent rumors that the Communist party's central committee is in session. The call for unity and stability appeared in an article in Red Flag.
JUNE 5 - Chinese Communists said the Soviet Union was engaging in military expansion and acts of aggression and subversion in all parts of world "behind the smoke screen of detente."
JUNE 6- Peiping renewed support for the outlawed Indonesian Communist party stems from the belief that it has succeeded in isolating Indonesia in ASEAN or from the fear that the Indonesian Communists may join the Moscow centered camp, the mass circulation Sinar Harapan said in Jakarta.
The Economist, a British weekly, said one of the great imponderables of the post-American era in Southeast Asia is whether Peiping will be stepping up its support for other nearby insurgencies just when local governments are feeling compelled to make their peace with Peiping.
JUNE 7 - Mao Tse-tung met visiting Philip pine President Ferdinand E. Marcos in Peiping. Mao also met Australian Foreign Minister Donald Wissesse..
The Chinese Communist "embassy press attache" who was asked to leave Canada in April "was involved in an inept attempt at subversion," according to a Washington report of the Toronto Globe and Mail. Kuo Chin-an had given money to a woman of Filipino extraction to help in financing rebel activities in the Philippines, the report said.
Relations between Peiping and "Mongolia," which is largely defended by Soviet troops, are getting steadily worse, according to the Mongolian Communist party newspaper Unen.
JUNE 8 - Judging from various indications appearing recently on the Chinese mainland, the Red army is posing a critical problem for the Peiping regime, an authoritative source said in Taipei. The source said the Maoists' so-called "force against new things arising from the cultural revolution" can be traced mainly to the Red Army.
JUNE 9 - Regarding the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Philippines and the Chinese Communists, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the ROC said the Chinese Communists will be given added opportunities for infiltration and subversion, thus jeopardizing the security of the Philippines.
Juvenile delinquency has become so serious on the Chinese mainland that the Peiping regime is now trying to extend its control to the family courtyard, according to information from the Chinese mainland. The London Times correspondent in Peiping, David Bonavia, said foreign observers believe that problems of delinquency have become more severe as a result of truancy by adolescents who had been sent down to work in the countryside and secretly returned to the cities.
JUNE 10 - A North Korean military delegation arrived in Peiping for a round of meetings with Chinese Communist officials. NCNA said the North Korean group was led by Cho Myong Son, deputy chief of the Korean People's Army general staff.
JUNE 11 - Prof. David Rowe, writing for the Richmond News Leader, a daily newspaper in Richmond, Virginia, warned of the danger of "illusory detente" and of "gradualistic (Communist) aggression." The Nanking-born American scholar said: "The Chinese and Russian Communists have, in fact, never ceased to be our most bitter and dangerous enemies, working constantly to destroy us, and all the more dangerous because of two tactics of theirs which have been outstandingly successful up to now. These are: The tactic of 'detente,' and that of gradualistic aggression or what I have termed 'assassination by degrees.' "
JUNE 12 - Influential Indonesian news papers voiced objections to de-freezing ties with Peiping. The newspaper of the ruling Golkar party said: "It will be beyond our dignity to shake hands with somebody who is planning to stab us in the back."
JUNE 13 - Television films of Mao Tse tung's meeting with Philippines President Ferdinand Marcos indicated the Chinese Communist leader has aged markedly in recent months. Mao, 81, moved hesitantly and made weak efforts at a smile as Marcos' wife Imelda kissed him on the left cheek, then presented him to her husband. Marcos and Mao embraced hesitantly then stood for a group photo with Mrs. Marcos and the Marcos' daughters. Mao's mouth was open much of the time.
JUNE 14 - Prime Minister Kim Jong Pil of Seoul said Peiping had endorsed a North Korean plan to invade South Korea before Kim II Sung visited Peiping last April. "Those who say Red China applied restraint on Kim II Sung are taken in by the disguised peace offensive," the prime minister said.
Prime Minister Takeo Moo has given up hope of signing a peace treaty with Peiping and having it approved by the Japanese Diet during the current session, Kyodo News Agency said. The stumbling block is Peiping's insistence that a clause opposing establishment of "hegemony" by any third power in Asia and the Pacific region be included in the proposed treaty. Japan insists that such a clause is irrelevant.
JUNE 15 - Peiping claimed the United States and the Soviet Union were "locked in fierce contention" in Portugal. Moscow is "striving to penetrate into the country by squeezing out the U.S. influence," NCNA said.
The Communist regime on the Chinese mainland has exploited children's charms politically, said Peregrine Worsthorne of the London Sunday Telegraph. He said it was like being taken into' a children's brothel.
Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko summoned Japan's ambassador to his office and urged Japan to exercise discretion in dealing with Peiping, Japanese government sources said.